MUNICIPALITY OF INFANTA (PANGASINAN), History and Cultural Life of Part I

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
BUREAU OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
DIVISION OF PANGASINAN
DISTRICT OF INFANTA
Infanta

HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF INFANTA

FOREWORD

In compliance with Memorandum No. 34, s. 1952, this short history and cultural life of the municipality of Infanta is written. This script is not a complete record of all aspects of life nor an exhaustive treatise on the lore of the people. Since no record was available due to the absence of printed or written accounts, the teachers went about the community and sought information from the community leades and laymen who had to depend on their memories for the meager knowledge that they could remember of the events that happened during their lifetimes and those that were transmitted to them by their ancestors. There was but one short document found in the possession of Atty. Crispino Meru that revealed interesting facts relative to the organization of Infanta. All other data of information were from the lips of the old resource persons referred to. Each of the thirty-three teachers was assigned to cover a certain portion of the community, a purok, with family heads ranging from 20 to 50. It was a slow enterprise but the painstaking teachers were able to gather the materials included in this volume. Each barrio history was consolidated by the head teacher or teacher-in-charge.

With this humble script is written the most important data called for in the outline embodied in the enclosure to the aforementioned memorandum. It is a modest offering by the enthusiastic teachers in this municipality who rendered an invaluable labor of love for the preservation of the history and cultural life of this town. It is hoped that perusal of its contents may lead to constructive criticisms by the reader in the matter of the arrangement of the facts, the truth or falsity of the information herewith given, or the authenticity of the folkways herein included. In the endeavor to make the contents of this volume as concrete and practical as possible, the teachers had to dig all ways and means to gather the informational data of facts about the topics treated in each community. For such materials, gratitude is expressed to the teachers listed in the next page as co-authors of this work.

I. Poblacion	Mr. Crispin Macaranas Mr. Andres Jose Madarang Mrs. Isabel F. Vallarta Mrs. Flabia M. Magno Mrs. Dolores M. Viray Mrs. Conrada A. Magalindan Mrs. Digna R. Macaranas Mr. Carlos Millora Madarang Mrs. Visitacion B. Bulido Mr. Justino Meru Miss Fidencia Millora Mr. Florentino Viray Miss Julita M. Rosete Mr. Placido de Vera	Principal and Chairman Consolidator Member " " " " " " " " " " "
II. Babuyan	Mr. Justino Meru Mr. Carlos Madarang Mrs. Conrada A. Magalindan	Consolidator Member Member
III. Bamban	Mr. Severino Marron Miss Epifania Bustria	Teacher-in-Charge Member
IV. Bayambang	Mr. Faustino Sino Cruz Mrs. Florenciana B. Sino Cruz Mrs. Patrocenio M. Pagal Mrs. Rafaela F. Valdevicio Mr. Serapio Mista	Head Teacher Member " " "
V. Cato	Mr. Leonido C. Pulido Mrs. Librada R. Merza Mrs. Beatriz M. Miano Miss Gliceria M. Rosete Mr. Pablo Merza Mr. Herculano Meru Mr. Ricardo Buso	Head Teacher Member " " " " "
VI. Nayom	Mr. Felixberto Duzon Miss Epifania N. Valdez	Teacher-in-Charge Member
VII. Potol	Mr. Leocadio Bautista Mr. Nemesio Millora Miss Rosalina Bonalos	Teacher-in-Charge Member "

HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE OF THE TOWN OF INFANTA
AND ITS SIX BARRIOS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword Roster of Teachers-Coauthors	Page i ii
History and Cultural Life of the Town Part I. History Part II. Superstitious Beliefs and Traditions Common Proverbs and Riddles Part III. Other Information	1 1 10 13 24
History and Cultural Life of Babuyan Part I. History Part II. Folkways Part III. Other Information	28 29 30
History and Cultural Life of Bamban	31
History and Cultural Life of Bayambang Part I. History Part II. Folkways Popular Songs Puzzles and Riddles Folktales	35 36 38 40 41
History and Cultural Life of Cato Part I. History Official name of the barrio Date of Establishment Original Families Historical Sites Important Facts and Incidents Measures and Accomplishments Part II. Folkways Traditions, Customs and Practices Beliefs, Interpretations and Superstitions Riddles Proverbs Bibliography	43 43 44 45 45 46 49 50 50 52 54 55 56
History and Cultural Life of Nayom Part I. History Part II. Folkways	57 57
History and Cultural Life of Potol Part I. History Part II. Folkways Songs Puzzles, Proverbs and Riddles Part III. Other Information	59 59 61 61 63 64

The town of Infanta was, in the beginning, founded by the incorporation of a few barrios, namely: (1) San Juan (2) San Felipe (3) Bayaibang and (4) Nayom; and the sitios of (1) Dalit (2) Labtang (3) Cato and (4) Macalang. Except these barrios and "sitios," which lie on the leeside of the Zambales Mountains and on the narrow coastal plains of Bayaibang, and Macalang, the town embraced a rugged terrain covered by virgin forests. Other barrios and "sitios" which did not exist before and are now found in Infanta came to existence as a natural outcome of the growth of population, expansion of agriculture, fishing and other industries, and the growth of civic and political consciousness.

Originally, the town had an approximate area of about 240 sq. miles. It embraced all the regions from the north bank of Mayom River to the south bank of the Eguia River; and from Banal [unreadable] to the middle of the Zambales Mountains, approximately midway between Aguilar and this town. In 1904, the barrio of Eguia fused with this town, thereby making the area of Infanta wider by 90 sq. miles. But in the year 1926, for political [unreadable] Eguia and Macalang seceded from Infanta and fused themselves with Dasol, leaving the Bayambang River the boundary of Infanta in the present time.

The official name of the town is INFANTA, and it has always carried this name since its organization in 1878. There is no record to show why the town was given that name, but I still remember that my grandfather, Don Jose Millera, an ex-capitan and the teniente primero during the organization of this town, once related to me the story that the naming of the town Infanta was inspired by the desire of the founders to give honor to the infant queen of Spain at that time.

The town was organized, all records agreeing, by the able leadership of Don Juan Miano and Don Juan Morendo, with the help of the following "principales" in the community:

(1) Alejandro Mayo (2) Emiterio Mayo (3) Pedro Meru, Sr. (4) Leonardo Millora (5) Eduardo Mañago (6) Catalino Mayo (7) Mariano Merendo (8) Esteban Collado (9) Juan Elico (10) Joaquin Medalla (11) Justo Fernandez (12) Pedro Almandres

(13) Alejandro Madarang (14) Juan Mariño (15) Tomas Monato (16) Eleuterio Mera (17) Cayetano Mantolino (18) Gavino Meredo (19) Buenaventura Mandapat (20) Clemente Madarang (21) Luis Nayta (22) Bernardo Meru (23) Baldomero Mirador

The surviving old men of the past, like Don Paulino Midon, Don Pedro Mujer, Don Petronilo Mojares, Don Saturnino Milano, and Don Aguado Madarang, who have knowledge of the history of this town, say that the following persons had a share in starting the existance of Infanta:

(1) Francisco Midel (2) Urbano Millora (3) Alvaro Miano (4) Petronilo Monje (5) Pedro Marzan

(6) Raymundo Mirador (7) Baldomero Mirador (8) Melecio Mirador (9) Feliciano Nosi (10) Mamerto Mirador

The following document quoted from the record being kept by Atty. Crispino Meru reveals interesting facts and information relative to the organization of Infanta.

"En la casa tribunal de esta pueblo de la Infanta, provincia de Zambales, a viente de Septiembre del mil ocho cientos ochenta y uno, anti mi Jose Millora, teniente primero del mismo que [unreadable] las veces del governadorcillo por en desposicion del que lees y la comunidad de principales venidos en la tribunal en esta fecha comparacedo Don Juan Miano, governadorcillo pasado del mismo pediendo inforza sobre la fundacion del pueblo. x x x x . Dichas principales enforman sin embargo gastos hasta la aprovacion de la creacion independiente de su matria Sta. Cruz, Zambales."

It appears in the above document that the highest official of the town was called governadorcillo, but at a latter date, this title was substituted by capitan; that Don Juan Miano defrayed defrayed all the expenses incurred in carrying out the organization of the town from the initial move to its final approval and official recognition, and its separation as an independent entity from the mother town, Sta. Cruz, that the 23 principales and Don Juan Miano appeared before Don Jose Millora, the incumbent teniente mayor of the town, and executed the foregoing document; that the 23 principales who signed the document had a hand in the organization of the town.

The signatures of the principales on the document should not be construed to mean that they were literate. In truth, their signatures were either thumb marks illegible signatures consisting of vertical and horizontal loops and strokes which they had learned to do from practice. According to Don Paulino Miden, most of these principales were ignorant and illiterate, and said further that even those foremost leaders of the past could not participate actively and intelligently in the complicated affairs of our social and political life in the present era.

The leaders and organizers were mostly immigrants from the Ilocos Province, and no doubt, they must have come from a social strata below the middle class. Judging from those immigrants in Infanta in the latter years, my opinion of them is right and true. Hoewever, despite their handicaps, they possessed the natural love for freedom, liberty, and independence as all Filipinos have at heart, which moved them to organize themselves into a community so that they could shape their own destiny. As only very few of them could read, write, and speak the Spanish language, they needed one, a literate person, whom they called "director," whose duty was to direct the affairs of government and interpret them in the Spanish language. This office was held by one person popularly named Lacay Pendon, whose real name was Pedro Marzan.

I wish to cite some typical individuals among those founders and principales with whom I had personal contacts and knowledge, they being my immediate grandfathers from both my family sides, and lived long enough to see how the town they had set up fared and progressed. I can assure you that my long close contact with them had afforded me enough chances to observe them and size them up in their abilities and potentials. For this reason, I can say with an unbiased opinion and to the best of my knowledge that these founders and principales of the town were of the stuff I had already described.

For example, there was Don Tomas Monato, who died only shortly before World War II. He was ignorant and illiterate in the literal meanings of the terms.

There was Don Jose Millora, the most intelligent, dynamic, and enlightened among the founders. He learned a little Spanish and English by self-study.

There are other old persons still living who have fresh knowledge of the past and whom I had approached to get more facts for the enlightenment of my research, namely:

(1) Don Pedro Mujer
(2) Don Paulino Miden
(3) Don Petronilo Mojares
(4) Don Rufino Meru
(5) Don Teodoro Monje
(6) Don Saturnino Milaño
(7) Don Luis Mayor
(8) Don Macario Miraflor

These old men said that they had already been of age to know what had been going on around them when infanta was organized.

How could these leaders and principales manage the affairs of the government considering their abilities? According to my resource persons, the government was then so simple that the administration was a very easy matter. To give an idea of how the government was run, I am giving the following explanation:

The source of authority was a priest who had his seat in Sta. Cruz.

The capitan, who was the chief officer of the town, received the authority from the priest.

The capitan handed down to his cabezas (the equivalent of the councilors of today) the authority to execute.

The cabezas administered the laws to the people, who were grouped and as-

The teniente primero had the capacity of a vice-mayor today.

The aguacil was the helper of the cabeza.

The premoginito served as a helper of the aguacil.

The teniente sumatin had the responsibility of the chief of police.

The sumatin was the policeman.

These offices and responsibilities were imposed upon the well-to-do people without compensation regardless of other qualifications because their only business was the collection of taxes of ₱2.00 each a year from the people, and if he failed to collect from them the computed collectible amount, he had to cover the discrepancy to the capitan who, in turn, did the same to the priest. If one failed to pay his tax, he was whipped severely to drive him to earn his tax, but if he could no longer withstand the punishment, he ran to the mountains or into hiding. The whip was a prepared lash with a cross on the handle to symbolize authority. Oh! What a pity for those people to be so ignorant and careless of their rights as to have allowed themselves to be whipped severely for just an offense of failing to pay their taxes! More often than not, the capitan and the cabezas covered the taxes corresponding to the runaway taxpayers.

To sum up the facts I could gather from different sources regarding the lives of those people who founded this town, I am giving the following description:

Oh, how sturdy and courageous those people were! With only crude implements, they could make and without technical knowledge and skills, they could subdue the wilds to become productive farms. Imagine the sacrifice, the will, the back-breaking toil they had given just to realize their ambitions to own houses and farms, and to live at ease and in peace in the future. Their standards of living were miserably low, hardly rising above the lowest standard found in Infanta these days, considering, of course, other aspects of life. Everybody was a farmer, it being the calling of his forebear. Every member of the family had to work in the farm. Even the nursing mother had to work, too, in the field to help keep the family alive. The health conditions of the homes were in deplorable states; good health habits and practices were unknown; and health facilities were non-existent. It was no wonder why most of the children were sickly and undernourished. Cholera, dysentery, and smallpox were rampant, but in the latter years, smallpox was eliminated as a scourge of the people by the introduction of the anti-smallpox vaccine.

Oh, how simple people they were, and how little they knew the blessings that they enjoyed! Neither hunger, nor the inclemency of weather, nor the violation of human rights bothered them. After the payment of the yearly tax, they were free of contributions. They did not have to bother themselves about someone in authority trampling over their rights even at their firesides. They did not have to close their doors and windows with bolts. Such was the vestige of continuous Spanish domination and colonialization, which had shackled the people with ignorance and undue fear and submissiveness for more than four centuries. However, it should not be forgotten that we owe these pioneers a great deal for all these fine things in life that we are capable of enjoying these days.

The following are the names of persons who held responsible positions during the Spanish and American regimes:

Date	Capitan	Teniente Mayor	Mun. Teacher
July 20, 1878 - The town was organized.
1878-1879 1880-1881 1882-1883 1884-1885 1886-1888 1889-1890 1891-1892 1893-1896 1897-1898 1899-1900	Juan Miano Canuto Miano Leonardo Millora Lucas Merino Eduardo Manago Canuto Miano Mamerto Mirador Isaac Meru Jose Millora Canuto Miano	Jose Millora " " Juan Miano " " Cayetano Mantolino " " "	Education was conducted in private homes Buenaventura Marty Lazaro Madarang Aguedo Madarang

Date	President	Vice-President	Justice of the Peace
1901-1902 1903-1904 1905-1906 1907-1908 1909-1912 1913-1916 1917-1918 1918-1919 1920-1921 1921-1921 1922-1925 1926-1929 1930-1934	Jose Millora Silvino Millora Benigno Quinitio Lazaro Madarang Leodegario Maya Tomas Balagtas Manuel Millora Manuel Montano (appointed) Anastacio Millora Pedro Mirador (appointed) Anastacio Millora Pedro Meru Antonio Mascarina	Silvino Millora Gregorio Fontelera Doroteo Madarang Benigno Quinitio Gavino Manago Simfroso Bamero Ciriaco Nacine None Francisco Maya Francisco Maya Narciso Bonao Daniel Mores	Jose Millora Florentino Clemente Felipe Navaluna

1935-1938 1938-1941

Filoromo Mirador Filoromo Mirador

Rafael Monje Rafael Monje

Emigdio Najera Mariano Villanueva

1941-Dec. 8, 1945

Rafael Monje

Felix Castro

1946-1947 1947-1947 1948-1951 1952-

Daniel Mores Dalmacio Montano Rosauro Mores Rosauro Mores

Canuto Mosi Manuel Manago

Pedro Dimalanta Herminio Beltran

Date	Maestro Municipal	Padre Parroco	Treasurer
1886-1888 1893-1896 1897-1898 1901-1902 1903-1904 1905-1906 1907-1908 1909-1912 1913-1916 1917-1918 1918-1919 1919-1920 1920-1921 1922-1925 1926-1929 1930-1934 1935-1938 1938-1941 1942-1945 1946-1947 1947-1947 1948-1951 1952-1953	Buenaventura Marty Aguedo Madarang Lazaro Madarang Mariano Nazareno Manuel Millora Mr. Hart Mr. Neal Mr. Pedro Doctor Jose Paragas Antonio Bravo Jose Martinez Jose Rosario Tranquilino Macaranas Perfecto Nafarrete Santiago Layno Lazaro Cristobal Raymundo Aldana Perpetuo Nafarrete	Padre Hipolito Padre Alejandro None None None None None Padre Arsenio Padre Julian Jose Torres Jose Torres Jose Torres None Bernardo Braganza Pastor Merza Pastor Merza Bernardo Imuan Bernardo Imuan Bernardo Imuan Bernardo Imuan Vicente Prado	Jose Pecson Jose Pecson Jose Pecson Mauro Rosario Mauro Rosario Paulino Vidal Paulino Vidal Domingo Cabali Pacifico Austria Pedro Nacine Pedro Nacine Leonardo Espinoza Tomas Paragas Francisco Valdez

Date	Chief of Police	Secretary
1907-1908 1909-1912 1913-1916 1917-1918 1918-1919 1919-1920 1920-1921 1922-1925 1926-1929 1930-1934 1934-1935 1935-1938 1938-1941 1942-1945 1946-1947 1948-1951 1952-1953	Eusebio Mañago Saturnino Marteja Saturnino Marteja Manuel Montano Pedro Mayor Pedro Mayor Ricardo Busto Modesto Ebuenga Modesto Ebuenga Carlos de Guzman Carlos de Guzman Manuel Felismiña Manuel Felismiña Aurelio Madarang Honorio Monta Raymundo Mejos Solomon Manila	Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Basilio Donato Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Nemesio Millera Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Aguedo Madarang Estanislao Aquino

For some time after the organization of the town, the leaders concentration their attention on the buildup of the town because they were aware of the advantages, conveniences, and necessity in living together in a community. Consquently, more people and better elements came in. Education, which consisted of teaching the rudiments of Reading, Writing, and a little Arithmetic, were offered in private homes by those who had the good fortune of acquiring the knowledge from their own birthplaces.

Between the period of 1878-1880, and during the administration of Don Leonardo Millera, the town was beset by hunger, smallpox, and cholera. The hunger was the worst one in the known history of Infanta. So grave was it that, it is said, many people died while they were persistently and vainly trying to dig edible wild rootcrops to eat. Fortunately, however, the affliction did not in any way deter and discourage the immigrants to come over to the place. Some people went to Pangasinan to procure the food for themselves.

The hunger being over, the people strove anew to overcome their setbacks, and so quickly they could put themselves up on their feet again that in 1886, they opened the first Spanish school in the town with San Buenaventura Marty as the first teacher. Separate schools were built, one for boys and the other for girls. Attendance was compulsory, so it was necessary to employ the services of the sumatins (policemen) to drive and bring in children to school. It was incredibly possible how a lone teacher could handle 100 or more pupils under a teacher at a time, but even then, it can be imagined how inadequately taught the children of the early days were.

When the town was getting headway in its progress, bad elements were grouping themselves in the mountains obsessed with the covetous intent to grab the wealth of the well-to-do people of the town. The proximity of the town to the mountains, where these bad elements had their hideouts, afforded these people an easy chance to swoop down the town, catching the people unaware and unprepared. These tulisanes, as they were then called, at one time plundered the town, burned some houses and killed Don Mariano Monje, who was mistaken for a capitan. The people understood that the tulisanes were bent on seizing the wealth and to liquidate the well-to-do people and the ruling class as well.

To escape from another depradation, the people took counsel and decided to move the town to a farther and safer location. So, in 1892, the town was moved to where it actually is now. The municipal building and the church were constructed immediately. Don Pedro Mujer and Don Petronilo Mojares, who are still living, and who claimed to have done much in hauling the posts and other parts of the buildings from the old town to the new place, had contributed much in supplying facts needed in writing this part of the story.

When Don Canuto Miano became the capitan in 1889-1890, the town was again beset by smallpox. A police force, whose members were called sumatin, was instituted for the first time in Infanta.

The period between 1896-1898 was the administration of Don Isaac Meru as capitan. On Oct. 10, 1896, a Spanish priest named Padre Hipolito was stationed in Infanta for the first time. Spanish classes were opened with Don Lazaro Madarang as the first teacher. It was from this school where many of the people on Infanta who could speak the Spanish language learned.

On March 30, 1897, the conflagration that razed the church and several houses took place. Considering the recency of their construction, these structures were considered a great loss to the town.

In 1898, Don Jose Millera became the capitan. His first accomplishment was the erection of the church and convent. His administration was a tense and momentous period because it was then the time when the Americans defeated the Spaniards in Manila Bay, and the Philippines, led by Gen. Aguinaldo, claimed victory over the Spaniards. In the confusion that followed, the Katipunan entered the town and set up a revolutionary government here, appointing Don Leon Madarang as the president. But this man was later captured by the Spaniards and was put to death. When all the Spaniards were defeated in all places, the Katipunan came again and appointed one church-helper named Francisco Mamay as president. An election followed and Don Canuto Miano was elected president.

So, in 1900-1901, Don Canuto Miano was the capitan. His administration was marked by serious disturbances. As an aftermath of the revolution, lawlessness was rampant, and the people were in constant dread of being killed any moment. For suspicion of having a pro-Spanish sentiment, many people were seized and taken to a place called Torre and killed there. The capitan himself was imprisoned for having sympathized with the imprisoned priests. Don Canuto Miano and the priests were later released when the Americans came.

In December 1900, the Americans arrived in Infanta, thus Spanish rule ended and American rule began. Don Canuto Miano was allowed to resume his presidency under the American rule. Now, it was necessary that the released priests be sent to Agno. So, Don Isaac Meru, Francisco Almandres (still living), and another person conducted the ten priests by boat to Agno, but when they had gone far into the sea, the priests overpowered the crew and killed Don Isaac Meru. The other members of the crew jumped overboard and swam back to Infanta. The period of 1902-1904 was characterized by the diffusion of America's good intention and the implementation of the policy of attraction. Don Jose Millera became the first president elected by the people. The presence of the Americans in Infanta would have brought about complete peace had not the locusts invaded the town during the harvesting season, and stayed here, doing great destruction to all plants, until the next planting season. For this reason, the people could not plant their fields, and so suffered again from scarcity of food.

In 1905, Don Benigno Quinitio was elected president. His administration was marked by memorable events which were the annexation of Infanta and all the towns in the western part of Pangasinan to this province, then changing of the Philippine currency then in circulation to Philippine money as we now have, and a serious outbreak of cholera. The epidemic decimate the people so much that many homes were left without a single soul surviving. According to Don Paulino Miden, his lowest estimate was that no less than two hundred deaths were recorded every day.

The period from 1907 to 1917 was an uneventful era. It was in this period when the moro-moro plays became popular as entertainment in town fiestas, and dances in the auditoriums were abhorred by the people.

Then came the turning point in the annals of this town. In 1917, Mr. Manuel J. Millora was elected president. He was the first Philippine Normal School graduate of Infanta, ex-supervisor, speaker, linguist, and a politician. He opened the first intermediate classes in Infanta, constructed the barrio roads, school buildings, municipal buildings, and began the construction of the provincial road, with government funds, at Infanta. He introduced modern ways of life and tried to eradicate those antiquated customs and practices. At the height of his career, he was an aspirant for a provincial seat, but the trancaso in 1918 that afflicated the whole world claimed the life of this man. His death cut short the bright future of the best leader this town has yet produced.

In 1920, Mr. Anastacio Millera became the chief executive of the town. It was in his election when election fraud was committed for the first time. The election was protested and the protestant won. The protestant, who was Mr. Pedro Meru, did not take the seat, however, as Mr. Pedro Mirador was appointed by the provincial governor to finish the term of the protestee. It was in this period when keen partisan struggles began. This partisan spirit has assumed an alarming proportion so that every progressive move of the administration, regardless of its merits, is mixed up in political muddle.

In 1922, Mr. Pedro Meru was elected president. It was during his administration that Eguia and Macalang seceded from Infanta. The secession was led by Mr. Benigno Quinitio, the same person during whose administration as captain of Infanta, this town seceded from Zambales.

During the period between 1925 and 1940, there was not any event worth mentioning; but on December 8, 1941, WORLD WAR II broke out.

The war caught the people unprepared. So sudden did it come that the people could not make provisions for the future. Confusion followed immediately. Communication and essential commodities disappeared from the market. Schools and government offices were closed, so the employees lost their sources of income. People began to suffer immediately. The prices of essential commodities soared high. All people turned to the soil to produce the food necessary for their subsistence. Guerrillas sprang up and posed to be the guardians against our enemies. These guerrillas, having been recruited from the uneducated elements of the town and elsewhere, constituted a menace to the peace and security of the people who were, despite their difficulties and hardships, exploited by the guerrillas of their food, domestic animals, and money on the strength of the promise of compensation after the war or threat of death if they declined to collaborate with them. Soon, the guerrillas resorted to killing peaceful civilians whose offenses were slight provocation by the people, mere suspicion of pro-Japanese leanings, disagreement with their policy of exploitation, and giving advice to them to "lie low," and other offenses. Not long after, their ulterior motive cropped up. The people began to fear and avoid them. One night, they went on a rampage and killed an innocent farmer, Jose Millora, and not long after, they kidnapped Fortunato Hufano and Leonardo Millora and killed them brutally in the mountains. Mr. Andres Jose Madarang was brought down in

Transcribed from:

History of Infanta, online at the National Library of the Philippines Digital Collections. The pagination in this transcription is as they appear in the original document.